موقعیت هژمونیک دلار آمریکا و چشم انداز چالش آن توسط یورو و یوآن

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه روابط بین الملل، دانشگاه خوارزمی

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه روابط بین الملل دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران

3 گروه روابط بین الملل-دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی-دانشگاه خوارزمی -تهران-ایران.

چکیده

ایالات متحده امریکا پس از جنگ جهانی دوم، با دستیابی به جایگاه قدرت اول اقتصادی ونظامی جهان و در حالی که رهبری جهان سرمایه داری را بر عهده گرفته بود، موفق شد، واحد پولی خود یعنی دلار را به عنوان ارز مرجع بین المللی مطرح سازد. امروز نیز دلار ایالات متحده بنا بر سنجه های موجود، همچنان موقعیت هژمونیک خود را در نظام پولی و مالی بین المللی حفظ کرده است. در قرن جدید، رخدادهایی همچون عرضه پول واحد یورو، بحران مالی 2008، و تلاش پیگیر چین برای بین المللی کردن واحد پول خود، هنوز نتوانسته اند، موقعیت هژمونیک دلار را با چالشی جدی مواجه سازند. در همین راستا، دغدغه اصلی مقاله، جستجوی عوامل تدام بخش هژمونی دلار در نظام مالی وپولی بین المللی است. فرضیه ای که در این راستا مورد آزمون قرار گرفته این است که تداوم هژمونی دلار آمریکا متکی بر قدرت ساختاری این کشور در دو حوزه اقتصادی و سیاسی و مبتنی بر عواملی همانند عمق بازار سرمایه، سهولت دسترسی به دلار، تعهدات امنیتی و اعتماد بوده که به‌صورتی هم‌افزا، زمینه تثبیت و تداوم هژمونی این ارز را فراهم کرده است. مقاله نشان می دهد که فقدان این عوامل در ارتباط با یورو و یوان، مانع از تبدیل شدن آنها به ارزهای هژمونیک شده است. یافته این تحقیق برای کشور ما که به‌شدت با تنگناهای ناشی از تحریم‌های مالی ناشی از جایگاه هژمونیک دلار در اقتصاد بین‌المللی امروز روبرو است، حائز اهمیت بسیاری است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The hegemonic position of the US Dollar and the prospect of its challenge by the Euro and the Yuan

نویسندگان [English]

  • Gholamreza Karimi 1
  • Mohammad Nasir Zadeh 2
  • seid saeed mirtorabi 3
1 Associate Professor, International Relations Department, Kharazmi University
2 Department of International Relations, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
3 Department of International Relations, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

After World War II, the United States succeeded in establishing its currency, the Dollar, as the international reference currency, gaining the position of the world's leading economic and military power while leading the capitalist world. The US Dollar, according to existing metrics, still maintains its hegemonic position in the international monetary and financial system. In the new century, events such as the Euro currency supply, the 2008 financial crisis, and China's persistent efforts to internationalize its currency have gone to seriously challenge the hegemonic position of the Dollar. In this regard, the main concern of the article is to look for the factors that perpetuate the hegemony of the Dollar in the international financial and monetary system. The hypothesis tested in this regard is that the continued hegemony of the US dollar relies on the structural strength of the US in both economic and political areas and based on factors such as the depth of the capital market, ease of access to the dollar, security commitments and trust. The paper shows that the lack of these factors in relation to the Euro and the Yuan has prevented them from becoming hegemonic currencies. The findings of this study are very important for our country, which is severely facing the difficulties caused by financial sanctions due to the hegemonic position of the Dollar in the international economy today.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Dollar hegemony
  • Yuan
  • Euro
  • International Political Economy
  • United States
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