نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استاد جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Boundaries due to internal dynamics on the one side, On the other side, Reliance on a philosophical whole in the separation of identities and a strong rational logic in defense of sovereignty and national security is not lost; But they are redefined in functions. Believers in the collapse of the Westphalia system, influenced by post-positivist theoretical foundations and subsequent developments in the process of globalization, It is believed that the present world has entered an era known as the post-Westphalia system, in which, as in the past, modern phenomena derived from the Westphalia heritage, such as state, land and border, no longer have their traditional function. Comparing this article, the nature, identity, and function of the border in the two eras of the Westphalian state and the post-Austrian era, she believes The present world is as vast as all its advances in Technology is embroiled in crises and growing threats; Like the corona virus crisis. It is no exaggeration to say that this crisis is the cause of the resurgence of the boundaries of political geography at all scales; It was from local / places up to international. The crisis, while recalling the basic concepts in political geography recalling the role of borders in defending the principle of national security, national sovereignty, and integrity Territorial, and national independence, arrangement territorial, etc. It was a renewed warning in the direction of philosophical thinking and a rational and realistic view of the existence and functioning of borders.
کلیدواژهها [English]
بوزان، بری (1378). مردم، دولتها و هراس، ترجمه مجتبی عطارزاده، تهران: پژوهشکده مطالعات راهبردی.
بنکه، آندریاس (1381). «پستمدرنیزه کردن امنیت»، فصلنامه راهبرد، دوره دهم، شماره 26: 239-216.
حافظنیا، محمدرضا (1399). «ضرورت اتخاذ راهبرد ژئوپلیتیکی برای حل بحرانهای پاندمیک»، فصلنامه بینالمللی ژئوپلیتیک، سال شانزدهم، شماره 58: 6-1.
حافظنیا، محمدرضا؛ احمدی، ابراهیم (1399). «تبیین فلسفه و کارکرد مرز در عصر وستفالیایی و جهانی شدن»، فصلنامه جهانی شدن، دوره نهم، شماره1، (پیاپی31): 152-117.
حافظنیا، محمدرضا؛ احمدی، ابراهیم (1399). «بحران کرونا و بازآفرینی نقش مرزهای بینالمللی»، دیدبانی علمی بیماری کووید 19، گروه مطالعات علم و فناوری دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، 6 خرداد 1399.
حافظنیا، محمدرضا (1390). جغرافیای سیاسی فضای مجازی، تهران: انتشارات سمت.
حافظنیا، محمدرضا (1390)، «ظهور ملیگرایی جدید در جهان، سخنرانی علمی»، انجمن ژئوپلیتیک ایران، 16 آذر 1390.
حافظنیا، محمدرضا؛ جانپرور، محسن؛ مجتهدزاده، پیروز (1389). «تأثیر جهانی شدن بر ماهیت مرزها»، فصلنامه مدرس علوم انسانی(برنامهریزی و آمایش فضا)، دوره چهارم، شماره 3: 59-41.
خلیلی، محسن (1399)، «بزنگاه کرونا وستفالیای نوین بینالمللی»، فصلنامه میان رشتهای در علوم انسانی، سال دوازدهم، شماره 3.
دیوتاک، ریچارد (1388). «پست مدرنیسم در روابط بینالملل»، ترجمه علیرضا ازغندی و محسن محمودی، دانشنامه حقوق و سیاست، شماره 11: 44-13.
رمضانی قوام آبادی، محمدحسین (1399). بیماری همه گیر کرونا و صلح و امنیت بین المللی، فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی، شماره 23: 200-181.
موسوی شفایی، مسعود؛ گودرزی، سهیل؛ خداخواه آذر؛ سمیه (1399). «کرونا به مثابه رخداد در روابط بینالملل: نقص در کارویژۀ دولت - ملت در مواجهه با رخدادهای نوظهور»، فصلنامه پژوهشهای راهبردی سیاست، دوره نهم، شماره 33 (پیاپی 63): 62-39.
منوچهری، عباس (1398). پاندمی کرونا به مثابه یک جنگ آشکار- نادیدنی، مطالعات میان رشته ای در علوم انسانی، سال دوازدهم، شماره 2: 26-9.
فیلنت، کالین (1390). مقدمهای بر ژئوپلیتیک، ترجمه محمد باقر قالیباف و محمدهادی پوینده، تهران: انتشارات قومس.
فرهادپور، مراد (۱۳۸۸). دولت- ملت و سیاست مردم: قانون و خشونت، تهران: نشر رخداد نو
گالاهر، کارولین و همکاران (1391). مفاهیم کلیدی در جغرافیای سیاسی. ترجمه محمد حسن نامی و علی محمدپور، تهران: موسسه فرهنگی زیتون سبز.
نجفیسیار، رحمان (1399). «بحران کرونا و تغییر پویش های راهبردی نظام بین الملل»، فصلنامه روابط خارجی، سال دوازدهم، شماره 3: 422-402.
والت، استفان (1398). دهکده جهانی را فراموش کنید، فارین پالیسی، ترجمه در روزنامه دنیای اقتصاد، شماره 4848. در: https://donya-e-eqtesad.com
Allen, john & et al (2020). “How the World Will Look After the Coronavirus Pandemic”, Foreign Policy, (2020, March 20). Available in: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/20/world-order-after-coroanvirus-pandemic/
AFP (2020). “COVID-19: South Africa to build R37m Beitbridge border fence”, ENCA, (2020, March 20). Available At: https://www.enca.com/news/Covid-19-south-africa-build-r37m-beitbridge-border-fence.
Akkerman, Mark (2020). “COVID-19 and Border Politics”, (2020, July 16). Available at: https://www.tni.org/en/publication/covid-19-and-border-politics.
Austal (2020). “Austal Australia awarded A$324 million contract to build six Cape Class Patrol Boats”, company announcement, (2020, May 1). Available At: https://www.austal.com/news/austal-australia-awarded-a324-million-contract-buildsix- cape-class-patrol-boats.
Albert, Mathias (1998). “on boundaries, territory and postmodernity: An international relations perspective”, Geopolitics Journal, vol.3, No.1.
Benedicto, Ainhoa Ruiz, Akkerman, Mark & Brunet, Pere (2018). “ A Walled World Towards a global apartheid, ” Trans Nation Institute (tni), P.p. 1-58. https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/informe46_walledwolrd_centredelas_tni_stopwapenhandel_stopthewall_eng_def.pdf
Border Violence Monitoring Network (2020), “Special Report: COVID-19 and border violence along the Balkan”, (2020, May 12). Available At: https://www.borderviolence.eu/special-report-covid-19-and-border-violence-along-the-balkan-route/
Biscop, Sven (2020). Coronavirus and Power: The Impact on International Politics, security policy brief, Egmont Institute.
Black, Crofton (2020). “Monitoring being pitched to fight Covid-19 was tested on refugees”, The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, (2020 April 28). Available At:
https://www.thebureauinvestigates. com/stories/2020-04-28/monitoring-beingpitched- to-fight-COVID-19-was-first-tested-on-refugees.
Borriello, Gilda; Salihoglu, Asli (2020). “borders in the Time of Coronavirus: How the COVID-19 Pandemic Upended the Global Mobility Paradigm”, compass website, (2020, March 20). https://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/2020/borders-in-the-time-of-coronavirus-how-the-covid-19-pandemic-upended-the-global-mobility-paradigm/
Brown, Wendy (2014). Walled States, Waning Sovereignty, Zoon Book.
Caldwell, Dan E (2001). “the Insecurity of Security: the Changing Relationship of Threats to Security in a Globalized world, ” Social Science Division Pepperdine University Malibu, CA90263.
Balibar, Etienne (2004). We, the people of Europe: Reflections on transnational Citizenship, Published: Princeton University Press.
Griffith, Martin and O’Callaghan, Terry (2002). International Relations: The Key Concepts, London and New York: Routledge.
Hafiz Mehmet, Fatih (2019). “in Ankara Europe builds new 'Berlin walls' against migrants,” in: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/europe-builds-new-berlin-walls-against-migrants/1638649
Hollis, Martin; Steve, Smith (1991). Explaining and understanding international relations, Oxford: Clarendon.
IAI (2020). “Israel will lease IAI Heron UAV’s to Greece”, press Release, (2020, May 6), Available At: https://www.iai.co.il/israel-will-lease-iai-heron-to-greece.
Jaramillo, Andrea; Parks, Ken (2020). “Colombia militarizes Brazil border amid jump in virus cases”, Bloomberg, (202 May 13). Available At: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-13/colombia-militarizes-border-with-brazil-amid-jump-in-virus-cases.
Lindholt, Marie Fly & et al (2020). “Support for border security during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence on levels and predictors from eight Western democracies in 2020,” Journal of Elections, Vol.31, No.1, Pp. 1-14.
MacMillan, John; Linklater, Andrew (1995). Boundaries in Question: New Directions in Inter national Relations, London: Printer Publishers Ltd.
Nye , Joseph S, Walt, Stephen M (2020). “How the World Will Look After the Coronavirus Pandemic”, Harvard Kennedy School, Available at: https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/how-world-will-look-after-coronavirus-pandemic.
Nail, Thomas (2016). Theory of Border. London: Oxford.
Lakhani, Nina (2020). “ US using coronavirus pandemic to unlawfully expel asylum seekers, says UN”, The Guardian, (2020, April 17). Available At: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/17/us-asylum-seekers-coronavirus-law-un.
Opiłowska, Elżbieta (2020). “The Covid-19 crisis: the end of a borderless Europe,” European Societies, Vol. 23, NO.1, Pp. 589-600. doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1833065.
Pierson, Christopher (2011). The Modern State, London: Routledge.
Popescu, Gabriel. (2011). Bordering and ordering the twenty-first century, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,INC.
Gilbert, Samuel (2020). “Pandemic fears in border towns as workers
flock in to build Trump’s wall”, The Guardian, (2020, April 16). Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/ apr/16/trump-border-wall-coronavirus-pandemic-ajo-arizona
Giddens, Anthony (1985). the Nation State and Violence, University of California Press.
Roberts, L (2020). “Trump suggests his border wall can keep out ... the coronavirus? ”, Arizona Republic, (2020, March 14). Available At: https://eu.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/laurieroberts/2020/03/10/trump-coronavirus-we-need-borderwall-more-than-ever-what/5015600002.
Radil, Steven M, Pions, Jaume Castan & Patk, Thomas (2020). Borders resurgent: towards a post-Covid-19 global border regime?, Space and Polity, Vol. 25, No.1: 132-140, DOI: 10.1080/13562576.2020. 1773254.
Shachar, Ayelet (2020). “Borders in the time of COVID-19”, Max Planck Institute, (2020, 4 April). in: https://www.mpg.de/14650555/ borders- in-the-time-of-covid-19.
Smith, N (2000). Scale, in R. Johnston & Others Dictionary of Human Geography, Oxford:Blackwell.
Sack, Robert (1986). Human territoriality: Its theory and history, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tondo, Lorenzo (2020). “Exclusive: 12 die as Malta uses private ships to push migrants back to Libya”, The Guardian, (2020, May 19). Available At: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/19/exclusive-12-die-as-malta-uses-private-ships-to-push-migrants-back-to-libya
Tondo, Lorenzo (2020). “Crosses on our heads to “cure” Covid-19: refugees report abuse by Croatian police”, The Guardian, (2020, May 28). Available At: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/28/they-made-crosses-on-our-heads-refugees-report-abuse-by-croatian-police.
Terriff, Terry (1999). Security Studies Today, USA: Blaclwell.
UNHCR (2020). “Beware Long-Term Damage to Human Rights and Refugee Rights from the Coronavirus Pandemic”, (2020, April 22).in: www.unhcr.org/news/press/2020/4/5ea035ba4/beware-long-term-damage-human-rights-refugee-rights-coronavirus-pandemic.html.
WHO (2022). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. World Health Organization (WHO), March 5, in: https://covid19.who.int/
Walt, Stephen M (2020). “The Realist’s Guide to the Coronavirus Outbreak”, Foreign Policy, (2020, March 9). Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/09/coronavirus-economy-globalization-virus-icu-realism/