International Quarterly of Foreign Relations

International Quarterly of Foreign Relations

Turkey's Foreign Policy Strategy in Latin America; Case Study of Venezuela

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Rahmat Hajimineh 1
Mohammad Ostadvali 2
1 Assistant Professor of International Relations. Department of Social Science and Communication. East Tehran Branch. Islamic Azad University. Tehran, Iran.
2 MA in Latin American Studies. Faculty of World Studies. Tehran University Tehran, Iran
Abstract
In recent years, with the arrival of the Justice and Development Party, Turkey has become an active player in the world, so that in several international aspects, while paying attention to its Western allies, it has the most degree of independence in making its decisions. Therefore, according to its "strategic depth", Turkey's foreign policies towards Latin America and the Caribbean became particularly significant. Venezuela is one of the most important countries in the Latin American region, which has participated in trans-regional cooperation in the new century, due to its central role in the fields of economy, energy and ideology. So, without paying attention to the opposition of Turkey's allies, the atmosphere of negotiation was shaped by the economic cooperation between Ankara and Caracas. This has led Turkey to give it political support, especially in the years when Venezuela faced a crisis. Therefore, the main question of this article is the reasons for Turkey's presence in Latin America, and especially in Venezuela. The main hypothesis is that Turkey has sought to expand its political and economic influence in Venezuela and, consequently, in the Latin American region, in the context of neoliberalism in international relations. Following this influence, what Ankara considers a long-term goal is to show an active and influential figure in the international arena.
Keywords
Turkey
Venezuela
Foreign Policy
Latin America
Economic Cooperation
اسمیت، استیو؛ دان، تیم و هدفیلد، امیلیا (1397). سیاست خارجی: نظریه ها، بازیگران و موارد مطالعاتی. ترجمه:امیرمحمد حاجی یوسفی؛ محسن محمودی و ایوب کریمی. ج 1 و 2. تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه‌‌‌‌ها (سمت).
داوود اوغلو، احمد (1395). عمق راهبردی: موقعیت ترکیه در صحنه راهبردی. ترجمه: محمدحسین نوحی‌نژاد ممقانی. چ دوم. تهران: موسسه انتشاراتی امیرکبیر.
ظریف، محمد جواد و محمد کاظم سجادپور (1391). دیپلماسی چندجانبه: پویایی مفهومی و کاربردی سازمان‌‌‌‌های بین‌المللی. مرکز آموزش‌‌‌‌ها و پژوهش‌‌‌‌های بین‌المللی.
علیخانی، ابراهیم (1386). جمهوری اسلامی ایران و سازمان تجارت جهانی. اداره هماهنگی مذاکرات تجاری وزارت امورخارجه.
قوام، عبدالعلی (1390). اصول سیاست خارجی و سیاست بین‌المللی. چ هفدهم. تهران: سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه‌‌‌‌ها (سمت).
منکیو، گریگوری (1396). مبانی علم اقتصاد. مترجم: حمیدرضا ارباب. تهران: نشر نی.
ویاردا،هوارد ج. و هروی اف. کلاین (1388). الگوی سیاست و توسعه در آمریکای لاتین. مترجم: پرویز امام‌زاده فرد. تهران: دفتر مطالعات سیاسی و بین المللی.
هیوود، اندرو (1389). سیاست. ترجمه: عبدالرحمن عالم. تهران: نشر نی.
De la Rosa, Alexander, 2011, Las Relaciones de Turquía con la República Dominicana, From Consejo Dominicano De Relaciones Internacionales
Funk, Kevin, 2015, Cómo América Latina se encontró con el mundo árabe: hacia una economía política de las relaciones árabe-latinoamericanas. 
Molano, Andrés, 2010, “Un mundo sin polos: hipótesis sobre la seguridad internacional en el siglo XXI”, Revista Política Colombiana, abril-junio.
MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF TURKEY, “Bilateral Relations (Main Documents)” and “Turkey´s relations with the Latin American and the Caribbean Countries”, in http://www.mfa.gov.tr/ii_bilateral-relations--_main--documents_.en.mfa.
NYE, Joseph, 2002, the Paradox of American Power, Oxford University Press, New York
Levaggi, Ariel S. González, 2012, América Latina y Caribe, la última frontera de la Nueva Política Exterior de Turquía, Araucaria. Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política y Humanidades.
Levaggi, Ariel S. González, 2016, Turquía-América Latina: una sociedad emergente, Catedra Libre de Estudios Turcos
Özkan, Mehmet, 2016, América Latina y Oriente Medio: una perspectiva comparada, From SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research (Turquía).
TEMEL, Mehmet, 2004 Yüzyılda Osmanlı Latin Amerika İlişkileri, Istanbul, Nehir Yayınları,
https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-45195934
https://mundo.sputniknews.com/america-latina/201901301085129110-occidente-normas-internacionales-crisis-venezuela-violacion/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/26/elliott-abrams-venezuela-us-special-envoy
https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/15/politics/pentagon-venezuela-military-options/index.html
https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/15/politics/pentagon-venezuela-military-options/index.html
https://wits.worldbank.org
http://isti.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=262&newsview=3931
https://eldiario.com/2020/09/05/exportacion-de-carne-venezuela-irak/
https://eldiario.com/2020/09/05/exportacion-de-carne-venezuela-irak/
https://www.trt.net.tr/espanol/cultura-y-arte/2018/05/18/maduro-es-fan-de-la-teleserie-turca-resurreccion-ertugrul-974067
https://www.telesurtv.net/news/maduro-erdogan-venezuela-turquia-ronda-negocios--20181203-0029.html
https://www.oroyfinanzas.com/2018/07/venezuela-exporto-779-millones-oro-turquia-2018