ذهنیت و توسعه؛ تغییر پارادایم ذهنی و خیز اقتصادی چین

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد روابط بین‌الملل، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران

2 دکتری روابط بین‌الملل، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

در دهه‏ های اخیر تبیین ‏های متفاوتی از خیز اقتصادیِ چین ارائه شده ‏است. فصلِ مشترک این تبیین ‏ها، به‌رغم تفاوت ‏های فراوان، این است که خیز اقتصادی چین از اواخر دهۀ ۱۹۷۰ و مشخصاً پس از روی کار آمدن «دنگ شیائوپینگ» رقم خورده است. با این‌ حال، آنچه در این تبیین‏ ها آغاز توسعه ‏گراییِ چین تلقی شده، در واقع پایان فرایندی بلندمدت در تحول ذهنیتِ چینی بوده‏ است. به‌عبارت دیگر، ظهور ذهنیت توسعه ‏گرا در چین را نباید از بستر تاریخی و فرایند تکوین آن منتزع کرد و آن را صرفاً به دهۀ 1970 و برخی اصلاحات نهادی یا ویژگی ‏های شخصیتی دنگ شیائوپینگ نسبت داد. این مقاله با الهام از انقلاب‌های علمی «تامس کوهن» و وضعِ مفهومِ «پارادایم ذهنی» و با روش فرایندکاوی، به بررسی ویژگی‏ ها و تحولات ذهنیتِ جمعیِ چینی‌ها، به‌ویژه رهبران چین، در دو سدۀ اخیر پرداخته و نشان داده که رویکرد توسعه ‏گرایانۀ رهبران چین در اواخر دهۀ ۱۹۷۰ در واقع از تغییر پارادایم ذهنی‌ای سرچشمه می‌گیرد که ریشه‌های آن به تحولات سدۀ نوزدهم برمی‌گردد. این تغییر پارادایمِ ذهنی که ابتدا در میان روشنفکران و سپس در میان رهبران ملی ‏گرای چین در نیمۀ نخست سدۀ بیستم نمودار شد از خلالِ نوعی وابستگی‌ به مسیرِ ذهنی، برسازندۀ نوعی ذهنیت توسعه‌گرا در میان رهبران حزب کمونیست چین شد که هرچند در دورۀ «مائو» و تحت تأثیر فضای ایدئولوژیک حاکم راهی به توفیق نگشود، در اواخر دهۀ 1970 و به‏ دنبال پدید آمدن فرصت ‏های داخلی و خارجی و جابه‌جایی نخبگان، امکان موفقیت پیدا کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Attitude and Development: Attitude Paradigm Shift and the Economic Rise of China

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Jalal Dehghani Firoozabadi 1
  • Mohammad Heidari 2
1 Professor of International Relations, International Relations Department, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
2 Ph.D. in International Relations, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

However, what is considered in these explanations are the beginning of Chinese developmentalism, in fact, the end of a long-term process in the evolution of the Chinese mentality. In other words, the emergence of a developmentalist attitude in China should not be separated from the historical context and the process of its development, and it should be attributed only to the 1970s and some institutional reforms or Deng Xiaoping personal traits. Inspired by Thomas Kuhn's scientific revolutions and the introduction of the concept of " attitude paradigm", and by process exploration, this article examines the characteristics and developments of the Chinese collective attitude and mentality, especially Chinese leaders, over the past two centuries and shows that developmentalist leaders' approach of China in the late 1970s actually originated from a change in the attitude paradigm that has its roots in the developments of the nineteenth century. This shift in the mental and attitude paradigm, first manifested among intellectuals and then among Chinese nationalist leaders in the first half of the twentieth century, created a kind of developmental mentality among the leaders of the Chinese Communist Party, although in Mao and Under the influence of the prevailing ideological atmosphere, there was no way to succeed, but in the late 1970s, following the emergence of domestic and external opportunities and the displacement of elites, it became possible to succeed.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Mentality
  • Paradigm
  • path-dependency
  • development
  • China

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