Mohammed bin Salman’s rise to power in 2017 was accompanied by economic and social reforms, yet simultaneously coincided with an unprecedented concentration of power, the elimination of rivals, and an aggressive foreign policy toward Iran. This paper addresses the question of how Bin Salman’s modernization project can be analyzed through the political-psychological framework of the authoritarian personality (Adorno and Altemeyer), and what implications this pattern has had for Iran’s political-security calculations. The research hypothesis is that Bin Salman’s governance constitutes an instance of “authoritarian modernization”—that is, economic and social reforms function not in the service of institutional and democratic transformation, but as instruments for consolidating personal power and constructing domestic legitimacy. The research method is explanatory-analytical, with data collected through library-based research from official documents, statements, and credible reports. The findings indicate that the three core components of the authoritarian personality—namely, “submission to authority (with its inversion at the level of the leader himself),” “aggression toward external enemies,” and “rigid adherence to hierarchical order”—are clearly observable across all three domains: the economy (concentration of wealth and elimination of rivals in the Ritz-Carlton case), society (repression alongside performative reforms), and foreign policy (confrontation with Iran in Yemen, Syria, and Iraq). The conclusion is that Bin Salman’s authoritarian personality, although shaped within the context of the monarchical structure and regional rivalries, functions—owing to his dominant leadership style and the centralization of decision-making in the person of the Crown Prince—as an independent and determinative factor in intensifying threat perception, destabilizing the regional balance, and deepening insecurity in the Persian Gulf.